Qualitative :: Gestalt Therapy and the digital world
Task 0) Here and now, I am observing a human using a digital device ...
Task 1) Here and now, I do not percieve anyone using a digital device...
Task 2) Here and now, I see a digital device being carried around by a human being...
Task 3) ...
Output: Self-observation protocol.
Quantitative :: Digital devices in the public space
What You'll need is:
1) Few print-outs of the Media-to-Human protocol (M2H-protocol) , c.f. below
2) Systematic approach
Anna
Fisher Test 1
> m2h=matrix(c(37, 35, 51, 21),nrow=2)
> m2h
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 37 51
[2,] 35 21
> fisher.test(m2h)
Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
data: m2h
p-value = 0.02586
alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2061805 0.9127551
sample estimates:
odds ratio
0.4378763
Pariticpants
First ANOVA (n=2000)
> m2h=read.table("M2H_observations.csv",sep=",",header=TRUE)
> m2h_model=lm(OBSERVATIONS~GENDER*MEDIA*WOCHENTAG*OBSERVER,m2h)
> anova(m2h_model)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: OBSERVATIONS
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
GENDER 1 0.9 0.88 0.0347 0.8523733
MEDIA 7 15653.3 2236.18 88.1365 < 2.2e-16 ***
WOCHENTAG 3 495.5 165.17 6.5099 0.0003290 ***
OBSERVER 4 1328.1 332.02 13.0862 2.123e-09 ***
GENDER:MEDIA 7 57.7 8.25 0.3250 0.9419604
GENDER:WOCHENTAG 3 15.4 5.14 0.2026 0.8945048
MEDIA:WOCHENTAG 21 1217.0 57.95 2.2841 0.0018619 **
GENDER:OBSERVER 4 20.0 5.01 0.1973 0.9395594
MEDIA:OBSERVER 28 1636.4 58.44 2.3034 0.0005379 ***
WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 1 84.5 84.49 3.3302 0.0696387 .
GENDER:MEDIA:WOCHENTAG 21 172.8 8.23 0.3244 0.9980821
GENDER:MEDIA:OBSERVER 28 127.2 4.54 0.1790 0.9999992
GENDER:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 1 0.0 0.05 0.0018 0.9657824
MEDIA:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 7 150.1 21.44 0.8449 0.5514657
GENDER:MEDIA:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 7 60.1 8.58 0.3383 0.9355206
Residuals 184 4668.4 25.37
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
How to fill M2H protocol :: Digital devices in the public space
- Fill the header of the protocol before entering the transport.
- Systematically proceed from one end of transport to the other.
- Do not hurry, quality (truthfulness of data) is more important than quantity.
- Be discrete, smile, use Your peripheral vision.
- Be rigorous :: Do not log one subject more than once even if their state changes. Try not to exclude anyone.
- At every station, wait a while until people sit down. Record only sitting and standing people.
- Note down any unexpected event (either environmental or intrapersonal) on the other (blank) side of the paper.
- Prefer information about media usage instead of interaction/misc. information.
"Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity"
OSPAN
To determine whether there is a general capacity for all working memory tasks, Turner and Engle (1989) developed a task called operation-word-spanor OSPAN. In this task, participants are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (such as "Is (4/2)-1=1 ?) and then read a word after the operation (such as SNOW). After a series of problems and words has been presented, the participants recall the words that followed each operation. The number of operation-word strings in a sequence is increased and decreased to measure the participant's operation span. Operation span measures predict verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subjects are solving mathematical problems. Engle and his colleagues have argued that this implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation.
Presentation :: 2. Part
Smartphone Presence and Cognitive Capacity
We suggest that smartphones may also impair cognitive performance by affecting the allocation of attentional resources, even when consumers successfully resist the urge to multitask, mind-wander, or otherwise (consciously) attend to their phones—that is, when their phones are merely present.
"...the attractiveness of these high-priority stimuli should predict not just their ability to capture the orientation of attention, but also the cognitive costs associated with inhibiting this automatic attention response. "
We propose that the mere presence of one’s smartphone may impose a “brain drain” as limited-capacity attentional resources are recruited to inhibit automatic attention to one’s phone, and are thus unavailable for engaging with the task at hand.
We propose that the mere presence of one’s smartphone may impose a “brain drain” as limited-capacity attentional resources are recruited to inhibit automatic attention to one’s phone, and are thus unavailable for engaging with the task at hand.
Prior research suggests that smartphones are chronically salient for many individuals, even when they are located out of sight in one’s pocket or bag (e.g., Deb 2015).
We posit that individual differences in dependence on one’s smartphone will moderate the effects of smartphone salience on available cognitive capacity, such that individuals who most depend on their phones will suffer the most from their presence— and benefit the most from their absence.
OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTS
- Experiment:: 01
Our data indicate that the mere presence of one’s smartphone adversely affects two domain-general measures of cognitive capacity—available working memory capacity (WMC) and functional fluid intelligence (Gf)—even when participants are not using their phones and do not report thinking about them .
- Experiment:: 02
Data from experiment 2 replicate this effect on available cognitive capacity, show no effect on a behavioural measure of sustained attention, and provide evidence that individual differences in consumers’ dependence on their devices moderate the effects of smartphone salience on available WMC.
Experiment:: 01: Smartphone Salience Affects Avaliable Cognitive Capacity
Five hundred forty-eight undergraduates (53.3% female; Mage 5 21.1 years; SDage 5 2.4 years) participated for course credit.
Our final sample consisted of 520 smartphone users.
Method
After participants entered the testing room, they completed two tasks intended to measure available cognitive capacity: the Automated Operation Span task (Spain; Unsworth et al.2005) and a 10-item subset of Raven’ standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM; Raven, Raven, and Court 1998).
The OSpan task, a prominent measure of WMC, assesses the ability to keep track of task-relevant information while engaging in complex cognitive tasks.
In each trial set, participants complete a series of math problems (information processing) while simultaneously updating and remembering a randomly generated letter sequence (information maintenance).
The RSPM test, a nonverbal measure of Gf, was developed to isolate individuals’ capacity for understanding and solving novel problems (fluid intelligence), independent of any influence of accumulated knowledge or domain-specific skill (crystallized intelligence).
In each trial, participants are shown an incomplete pattern matrix and asked to select the element that best completes the pattern.
Next, participants completed a questionnaire that included items related to their experiences in the lab and their lay beliefs about the connection between smartphones and performance.
Results
Other room condition performed better than those in the desk condition p=0.002
Pocket/bag condition did not perform significantly differently from those in either desk p=0.09 or other room p=0.11
It revealed a significant desk -> pocket/bag -> other room p=0.002
Discussion
Participants
Method
Introduction
Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 (N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females. Adolescents who spent more time on new media (including social media and electronic devices such as smartphones) were more likely to report mental health issues, and adolescents who spent more time on nonscreen activities (in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, print media, and attending religious services) were less likely. Since 2010, iGen adolescents have spent more time on new media screen activities and less time on nonscreen activities, which may account for the increases in depression and suicide. In contrast, cyclical economic factors such as unemployment and the Dow Jones Index were not linked to depressive symptoms or suicide rates when matched by year.
Participants
depression of younger generation
Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire
Nomophobia is considered a modern age phobia introduced to our lives as a byproduct of the interaction between people and mobile information and communication technologies, especially smartphones. This study sought to contribute to the nomophobia research literature by identifying and describing the dimensions of nomophobia and developing a questionnaire to measure nomophobia. Consequently, this study adopted a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods design. The first phase was a qualitative exploration of nomophobia through semi-structured interviews conducted with nine undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university in the U.S. As a result of the first phase, four dimensions of nomophobia were identified: not being able to communicate, losing connectedness, not being able to access information and giving up convenience. The qualitative findings from this initial exploration were then developed into a 20-item nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q). In the second phase, the NMP-Q was validated with a sample of 301 undergraduate students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure for the NMP-Q, corresponding to the dimensions of nomophobia. The NMP-Q was shown to produce valid and reliable scores; and thus, can be used to assess the severity of nomophobia
Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation
For many individuals, excessive smartphone use interferes with everyday life. In the present study, we recruited a non-clinical sample of 296 participants for a cross-sectional survey of problematic smartphone use, social and non-social smartphone use, and psychopathology-related constructs including negative affect, fear of negative and positive evaluation, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results demonstrated that FoMO was most strongly related to both problematic smartphone use and social smartphone use relative to negative affect and fears of negative and positive evaluation, and these relations held when controlling for age and gender. Furthermore, FoMO (cross-sectionally) mediated relations between both fear of negative and positive evaluation with both problematic and social smartphone use. Theoretical implications are considered with regard to developing problematic smartphone use.
Comfortably Numb Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping Others
Two studies tested the hypothesis that exposure to violent media reduces aid offered to people in pain. In Study 1, participants played a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 min. After game play, while completing a lengthy questionnaire, they heard a loud fight, in which one person was injured, outside the lab. Participants who played violent games took longer to help the injured victim, rated the fight as less serious, and were less likely to ‘‘hear’’ the fight in comparison to participants who played nonviolent games. In Study 2, violent- and nonviolentmovie attendees witnessed a young woman with an injured ankle struggle to pick up her crutches outside the theater either before or after the movie. Participants who had just watched a violent movie took longer to help than participants in the other three conditions. The findings from both studies suggest that violent media make people numb to the pain and suffering of others.
Experiments
Referat structure :: IMRAD
Method
Results
Discussion
"Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity"
Participants
Introduction
Method
OSPAN
To determine whether there is a general capacity for all working memory tasks, Turner and Engle (1989) developed a task called operation-word-spanor OSPAN. In this task, participants are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (such as "Is (4/2)-1=1 ?) and then read a word after the operation (such as SNOW). After a series of problems and words has been presented, the participants recall the words that followed each operation. The number of operation-word strings in a sequence is increased and decreased to measure the participant's operation span. Operation span measures predict verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subjects are solving mathematical problems. Engle and his colleagues have argued that this implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation.
Presentation :: 2. Part
Comfortably Numb Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping Others
Two studies tested the hypothesis that exposure to violent media reduces aid offered to people in pain. In Study 1, participants played a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 min. After game play, while completing a lengthy questionnaire, they heard a loud fight, in which one person was injured, outside the lab. Participants who played violent games took longer to help the injured victim, rated the fight as less serious, and were less likely to ‘‘hear’’ the fight in comparison to participants who played nonviolent games. In Study 2, violent- and nonviolentmovie attendees witnessed a young woman with an injured ankle struggle to pick up her crutches outside the theater either before or after the movie. Participants who had just watched a violent movie took longer to help than participants in the other three conditions. The findings from both studies suggest that violent media make people numb to the pain and suffering of others.
Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation
For many individuals, excessive smartphone use interferes with everyday life. In the present study, we recruited a non-clinical sample of 296 participants for a cross-sectional survey of problematic smartphone use, social and non-social smartphone use, and psychopathology-related constructs including negative affect, fear of negative and positive evaluation, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results demonstrated that FoMO was most strongly related to both problematic smartphone use and social smartphone use relative to negative affect and fears of negative and positive evaluation, and these relations held when controlling for age and gender. Furthermore, FoMO (cross-sectionally) mediated relations between both fear of negative and positive evaluation with both problematic and social smartphone use. Theoretical implications are considered with regard to developing problematic smartphone use.
Quantitative :: Digital devices in the public space
What You'll need is:
1) Few print-outs of the Media-to-Human protocol (M2H-protocol) , c.f. below
2) Systematic approach
Fisher Test 1
> m2h=matrix(c(37, 35, 51, 21),nrow=2)
> m2h
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 37 51
[2,] 35 21
> fisher.test(m2h)
Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
data: m2h
p-value = 0.02586
alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2061805 0.9127551
sample estimates:
odds ratio
0.4378763
How to fill M2H protocol :: Digital devices in the public space
- Fill the header of the protocol before entering the transport.
- Systematically proceed from one end of transport to the other.
- Do not hurry, quality (truthfulness of data) is more important than quantity.
- Be discrete, smile, use Your peripheral vision.
- Be rigorous :: Do not log one subject more than once even if their state changes. Try not to exclude anyone.
- At every station, wait a while until people sit down. Record only sitting and standing people.
- Note down any unexpected event (either environmental or intrapersonal) on the other (blank) side of the paper.
- Prefer information about media usage instead of interaction/misc. information.
Anna
Pariticpants
First ANOVA (n=2000)
> m2h=read.table("M2H_observations.csv",sep=",",header=TRUE)
> m2h_model=lm(OBSERVATIONS~GENDER*MEDIA*WOCHENTAG*OBSERVER,m2h)
> anova(m2h_model)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: OBSERVATIONS
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
GENDER 1 0.9 0.88 0.0347 0.8523733
MEDIA 7 15653.3 2236.18 88.1365 < 2.2e-16 ***
WOCHENTAG 3 495.5 165.17 6.5099 0.0003290 ***
OBSERVER 4 1328.1 332.02 13.0862 2.123e-09 ***
GENDER:MEDIA 7 57.7 8.25 0.3250 0.9419604
GENDER:WOCHENTAG 3 15.4 5.14 0.2026 0.8945048
MEDIA:WOCHENTAG 21 1217.0 57.95 2.2841 0.0018619 **
GENDER:OBSERVER 4 20.0 5.01 0.1973 0.9395594
MEDIA:OBSERVER 28 1636.4 58.44 2.3034 0.0005379 ***
WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 1 84.5 84.49 3.3302 0.0696387 .
GENDER:MEDIA:WOCHENTAG 21 172.8 8.23 0.3244 0.9980821
GENDER:MEDIA:OBSERVER 28 127.2 4.54 0.1790 0.9999992
GENDER:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 1 0.0 0.05 0.0018 0.9657824
MEDIA:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 7 150.1 21.44 0.8449 0.5514657
GENDER:MEDIA:WOCHENTAG:OBSERVER 7 60.1 8.58 0.3383 0.9355206
Residuals 184 4668.4 25.37
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire
Nomophobia is considered a modern age phobia introduced to our lives as a byproduct of the interaction between people and mobile information and communication technologies, especially smartphones. This study sought to contribute to the nomophobia research literature by identifying and describing the dimensions of nomophobia and developing a questionnaire to measure nomophobia. Consequently, this study adopted a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods design. The first phase was a qualitative exploration of nomophobia through semi-structured interviews conducted with nine undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university in the U.S. As a result of the first phase, four dimensions of nomophobia were identified: not being able to communicate, losing connectedness, not being able to access information and giving up convenience. The qualitative findings from this initial exploration were then developed into a 20-item nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q). In the second phase, the NMP-Q was validated with a sample of 301 undergraduate students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure for the NMP-Q, corresponding to the dimensions of nomophobia. The NMP-Q was shown to produce valid and reliable scores; and thus, can be used to assess the severity of nomophobia
Qualitative :: Gestalt Therapy and the digital world
Task 0) Here and now, I am observing a human using a digital device ...
Task 1) Here and now, I do not percieve anyone using a digital device...
Task 2) Here and now, I see a digital device being carried around by a human being...
Task 3) ...
Output: Self-observation protocol.
Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 (N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females. Adolescents who spent more time on new media (including social media and electronic devices such as smartphones) were more likely to report mental health issues, and adolescents who spent more time on nonscreen activities (in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, print media, and attending religious services) were less likely. Since 2010, iGen adolescents have spent more time on new media screen activities and less time on nonscreen activities, which may account for the increases in depression and suicide. In contrast, cyclical economic factors such as unemployment and the Dow Jones Index were not linked to depressive symptoms or suicide rates when matched by year.
depression of younger generation
Participants
Experiments
Qualitative :: Gestalt Therapy and the digital world
Task 0) Here and now, I am observing a human using a digital device ...
Task 1) Here and now, I do not percieve anyone using a digital device...
Task 2) Here and now, I see a digital device being carried around by a human being...
Task 3) ...
Output: Self-observation protocol.
Quantitative :: Digital devices in the public space
What You'll need is:
1) Few print-outs of the Media-to-Human protocol (M2H-protocol) , c.f. below
2) Systematic approach
"Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity"
Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 (N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females. Adolescents who spent more time on new media (including social media and electronic devices such as smartphones) were more likely to report mental health issues, and adolescents who spent more time on nonscreen activities (in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, print media, and attending religious services) were less likely. Since 2010, iGen adolescents have spent more time on new media screen activities and less time on nonscreen activities, which may account for the increases in depression and suicide. In contrast, cyclical economic factors such as unemployment and the Dow Jones Index were not linked to depressive symptoms or suicide rates when matched by year.
Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire
Nomophobia is considered a modern age phobia introduced to our lives as a byproduct of the interaction between people and mobile information and communication technologies, especially smartphones. This study sought to contribute to the nomophobia research literature by identifying and describing the dimensions of nomophobia and developing a questionnaire to measure nomophobia. Consequently, this study adopted a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods design. The first phase was a qualitative exploration of nomophobia through semi-structured interviews conducted with nine undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university in the U.S. As a result of the first phase, four dimensions of nomophobia were identified: not being able to communicate, losing connectedness, not being able to access information and giving up convenience. The qualitative findings from this initial exploration were then developed into a 20-item nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q). In the second phase, the NMP-Q was validated with a sample of 301 undergraduate students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure for the NMP-Q, corresponding to the dimensions of nomophobia. The NMP-Q was shown to produce valid and reliable scores; and thus, can be used to assess the severity of nomophobia
Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation
For many individuals, excessive smartphone use interferes with everyday life. In the present study, we recruited a non-clinical sample of 296 participants for a cross-sectional survey of problematic smartphone use, social and non-social smartphone use, and psychopathology-related constructs including negative affect, fear of negative and positive evaluation, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results demonstrated that FoMO was most strongly related to both problematic smartphone use and social smartphone use relative to negative affect and fears of negative and positive evaluation, and these relations held when controlling for age and gender. Furthermore, FoMO (cross-sectionally) mediated relations between both fear of negative and positive evaluation with both problematic and social smartphone use. Theoretical implications are considered with regard to developing problematic smartphone use.
Comfortably Numb Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping Others
Two studies tested the hypothesis that exposure to violent media reduces aid offered to people in pain. In Study 1, participants played a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 min. After game play, while completing a lengthy questionnaire, they heard a loud fight, in which one person was injured, outside the lab. Participants who played violent games took longer to help the injured victim, rated the fight as less serious, and were less likely to ‘‘hear’’ the fight in comparison to participants who played nonviolent games. In Study 2, violent- and nonviolentmovie attendees witnessed a young woman with an injured ankle struggle to pick up her crutches outside the theater either before or after the movie. Participants who had just watched a violent movie took longer to help than participants in the other three conditions. The findings from both studies suggest that violent media make people numb to the pain and suffering of others.
Experiments
Referat structure :: IMRAD
Method
Results
Discussion
Referat structure :: IMRAD
Method
Results
Discussion