<
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-
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In
the
 <
a
style
="
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-
decoration
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;
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:
#
0b0080
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title
="
Design
of
experiments
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Design_of_experiments
">
design
of
experiments
a
in
 <
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
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:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Statistics
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Statistics
">
statistics
a
>,
the
 <
strong
>
lady
tasting
tea
strong
is
a
 <
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
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:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Randomized
experiment
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Randomized_experiment
">
randomized
experiment
a
devised
by
 <
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Ronald
Fisher
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Ronald_Fisher
">
Ronald
Fisher
a
and
reported
in
his
book
 <
em
><
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
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:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
The
Design
of
Experiments
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
The_Design_of_Experiments
">
The
Design
of
Experiments
a
>
em
> (
1935
).<
sup
id
="
cite_ref
-
FOOTNOTEFisher1971II
.
_The_Principles_of_Experimentation
,
_Illustrated_by_a_Psycho
-
physical_Experiment_1
-
0
"
class
="
reference
"
style
="
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-
height
:
1
;
unicode
-
bidi
:
isolate
;
white
-
space
:
nowrap
;
font
-
size
:
11
.
2px
;"><
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Lady_tasting_tea
#
cite_note
-
FOOTNOTEFisher1971II
.
_The_Principles_of_Experimentation
,
_Illustrated_by_a_Psycho
-
physical_Experiment
-
1
">[
1
]
a
>
sup
The
experiment
is
the
original
exposition
of
Fisher
'
s
notion
of
a
 <
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
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:
none
;
color
:
#
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;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Null
hypothesis
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Null_hypothesis
">
null
hypothesis
a
>,
which
is
"
never
proved
or
established
,
but
is
possibly
disproved
,
in
the
course
of
experimentation
".<
sup
id
="
cite_ref
-
FOOTNOTEFisher1971Chapter_II
.
_The_Principles_of_Experimentation
,
_Illustrated_by_a_Psycho
-
physical_Experiment
,
_Section_8
.
_The_Null_Hypothesis_2
-
0
"
class
="
reference
"
style
="
line
-
height
:
1
;
unicode
-
bidi
:
isolate
;
white
-
space
:
nowrap
;
font
-
size
:
11
.
2px
;"><
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Lady_tasting_tea
#
cite_note
-
FOOTNOTEFisher1971Chapter_II
.
_The_Principles_of_Experimentation
,
_Illustrated_by_a_Psycho
-
physical_Experiment
,
_Section_8
.
_The_Null_Hypothesis
-
2
">[
2
]
a
>
sup
><
sup
id
="
cite_ref
-
oed_3
-
0
"
class
="
reference
"
style
="
line
-
height
:
1
;
unicode
-
bidi
:
isolate
;
white
-
space
:
nowrap
;
font
-
size
:
11
.
2px
;"><
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Lady_tasting_tea
#
cite_note
-
oed
-
3
">[
3
]
a
>
sup
>
p
> <
br
><
p
style
="
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:
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0px
;
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:
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;
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:
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;
font
-
family
:
sans
-
serif
;">
The
lady
in
question
(<
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Muriel
Bristol
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Muriel_Bristol
">
Muriel
Bristol
a
>)
claimed
to
be
able
to
tell
 <
a
style
="
text
-
decoration
-
line
:
none
;
color
:
#
0b0080
;
background
:
none
;"
title
="
Tea
in
the
United
Kingdom
"
href
="
https
://
en
.
wikipedia
.
org
/
wiki
/
Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom
#
The_question_of_milk
">
whether
the
tea
or
the
milk
was
added
first
to
a
cup
a
>.
Fisher
proposed
to
give
her
eight
cups
,
four
of
each
variety
,
in
random
order
.
One
could
then
ask
what
the
probability
was
for
her
getting
the
specific
number
of
cups
she
identified
correct
,
but
just
by
chance
.
p
> <
br
><
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style
="
margin
:
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0px
;
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-
height
:
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;
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:
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;
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-
family
:
sans
-
serif
;">
Fisher
'
s
description
is
less
than
10
pages
in
length
and
is
notable
for
its
simplicity
and
completeness
regarding
terminology
,
calculations
and
design
of
the
experiment
p
>