L & C :: Language and Communication

L & C :: Genealogy of Programming languages

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genealogical_tree_of_programming_languages.svg

Motto

The essence of any programming language is its "parse tree".

Natural languages can be conceptualized and described as forests of cognitive structures.

Linguistic Stammbaum

more on languages, evolution, etc. in my Prolegomena Paedagogica wizzion.com/PP.pdf

(discussion of Schleicher's (1873) Stammbaum on p. 36)

L&C :: Formal languages as trees

L&C :: Invitation to Sanskrit

https://sanskrit.inria.fr/

(c.f. also Prolegomena Paedagogica, p. 114-115)

L&C :: Formal grammars

In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) describes how to form strings from a language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. A formal grammar is defined as a set of production rules for strings in a formal language.

A formal grammar is a set of rules for rewriting strings, along with a "start symbol" from which rewriting starts. Therefore, a grammar is usually thought of as a language generator. However, it can also sometimes be used as the basis for a "recognizer"...

Gramatiken

L&C :: Parse trees

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree

while b ≠ 0
  if a > b
    a := a − b
  else
    b := b − a
return a

Note of warning

"Strictly formalist, transformationalist approach had failed to furnish a complete, consistent elegant framework for the study of natural languages but

significantly facilitated construction and further development of artificial and programming languages."

(Prolegomena, p. 120)

Simply stated: formal languages are about games with symbols but not about communication or exchange