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• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of Motto (ID: 8047 :: weight 100) :: TEXTREC ::

  The essence of any programming language is its "parse tree".

  Natural languages can be conceptualized and described as forests of cognitive structures.

• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of L & C :: Genealogy of Programming languages (ID: 8046 :: weight 90) :: TEXTREC ::
  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genealogical_tree_of_programming_languages.svg
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of Linguistic Stammbaum (ID: 8048 :: weight 80) :: TEXTREC ::
  more on languages, evolution, etc. in my Prolegomena Paedagogica wizzion.com/PP.pdf
  
  
  (discussion of Schleicher's (1873) Stammbaum on p. 36)
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of L&C :: Invitation to Sanskrit (ID: 8050 :: weight 70) :: TEXTREC ::
  https://sanskrit.inria.fr/
  
  
  (c.f. also Prolegomena Paedagogica, p. 114-115)
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of L&C :: Formal grammars (ID: 8051 :: weight 60) :: TEXTREC ::
  In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) describes how to form strings from a language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. A formal grammar is defined as a set of production rules for strings in a formal language.
  
  A formal grammar is a set of rules for rewriting strings, along with a "start symbol" from which rewriting starts. Therefore, a grammar is usually thought of as a language generator. However, it can also sometimes be used as the basis for a "recognizer"...
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of L&C :: Formal languages as trees (ID: 8049 :: weight 50) :: TEXTREC ::
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of Gramatiken (ID: 8052 :: weight 40) :: TEXTREC ::
• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of L&C :: Parse trees (ID: 8053 :: weight 30) :: TEXTREC ::

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree
  

  while b ≠ 0
    if a > b
      a := a − b
    else
      b := b − a
  return a

• X L & C :: Language and Communication is_parent of Note of warning (ID: 8054 :: weight 1) :: TEXTREC ::
  "Strictly formalist, transformationalist approach had failed to furnish a complete, consistent elegant framework for the study of natural languages but
  
  significantly facilitated construction and further development of artificial and programming languages."
  
  (Prolegomena, p. 120)
  
  Simply stated: formal languages are about games with symbols but not about communication or exchange

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